Word Power Made Easy (Norman Lewis)
TOEFL papers
Cambridge papers
Literature: Project Gutenberg
CORT Thinking: PowerPoint in folder
學中文的方法談 (張明卿老師)
「口到、耳到、眼到、手到、心到」就是最基本的學習方法
將新學的語言融入自己的生活中，而且隨時發現問題，不懂就問。
先專心用耳朵聽，經過自己的大腦的消化整理，甚至用自己的生活經驗，舉一反三，然後根據自己的理解，勇於開口說，製造一些自以為有理卻可能會鬧笑話的中文句子，經過不斷地嘗試錯誤中修正與學習。等到笑話鬧多了，他們也學到新的語法句法了。
怎样教外国人学习汉语？(李晔)
零起点的汉语学生汉语怎么教
学生就像是一张白纸，你要为学生构建他的汉语体系，他要学习语音，词汇，语法，汉字，怎么使他产生兴趣，语法讲解的顺序，内容上的选择，选用什么教材，总之屁事一大堆。
共同特点
1. 学习动机不是很强，很多就是把学学汉语当作娱乐的，反正学费也不贵。
2. 一般不会预习复习。
3. 就想学点实用的，学完了就能说是最好的。
4. 如果没兴趣就不学了
初级教学的原则
1. 以实用性为主
2. 注重语音和口语
3. 铺设基本的语法体系，但是不过于深入地讲解语法
4. 汉字不作为重点，最多只是兴趣教学
5. 从学生的实际生活出发
6. 教授标准用语，俗语，成语，歇后语，古汉语，书面语尽量不讲，不过也可以讲点流行俗语，调节课堂气氛，但是一定要短小简单好理解。
7. 不要给学生过重的学习负担，能讲的尽量都在课堂完成，包括练习，作业也尽可能不要留写的背的，尽量让那个他们回去说。
8. 教学气氛要生动活泼幽默，给他们一种感觉是花钱来娱乐的。
9. 注意一些常见的问题，并且树立一种自己教的准没错的感觉，或者是自己教的都是最常用的，因为他们跟朋友交流的时候会遇到很多种不同的说法。
初级教什么？
【1-60小时所要讲的内容】
按大块分：
1. 拼音，非常重要，基础一定要打好，否则学生拼音学不好可能会直接放弃。
2. 课文，实用性第一。
3. 语法，还是得教，但是注意要反复练习，也一定要放在场景中讲。
4. 汉字，简单教就行，不是重点，如果学生实在没兴趣，或者实在学不会直接放弃。
按内容分：
1. 做客，学习怎么打招呼，礼貌用语，请的用法，和用这那对食物提问。
2. 数字，量词，有字句，电话号码
3. 认识朋友，自我介绍，家庭成员，名字，国别，职业，电话
4. 打车，方位名词
5. 今天明天昨天，一些地点名词
6. 干什么，一些常见动词
7. 时间表示方法，日记我的一天
8. 星期，日期
9. 钱，购物，市场，超市，水果，蔬菜，生活常用品，商场，衣服裤子鞋
10. 去餐饮业，饭馆，咖啡厅，酒吧
11. 打电话订约会，打电话取消约会，打电话订位子，打电话送水，说出自己家的具体位置。
12. 介绍自己的房间，前后左右
13. 乘坐交通工具的方式，时间段表示方法
14. 谈论天气
按语法分：
1. 做客，学习怎么打招呼，礼貌用语，请的用法，和用这那对食物提问。——主谓宾结构，形容词谓语句，“吗”的用法，正反疑问句，什么的用法，简单程度副词
2. 数字，量词，有字句，电话号码——数量词用法，数字的念法，有字句
3. 认识朋友，自我介绍，家庭成员，名字，国别，职业，电话——“的”的用法
4. 打车，方位名词——“哪”
5. 今天明天昨天，一些地点名词——事态，将来过去进行时，时间名词的位置
6. 干什么，一些常见动词
7. 时间表示方法，日记我的一天
8. 星期，日期
9. 钱，购物，市场，超市，水果，蔬菜，生活常用品，商场，衣服裤子鞋——动词重叠，“能”“可以”祈使句
10. 去餐饮业，饭馆，咖啡厅，酒吧
11. 打电话订约会，打电话取消约会，打电话订位子，打电话送水，说出自己家的具体位置。
12. 介绍自己的房间，前后左右——空间名词，存现句，也可以引入把字句
13. 乘坐交通工具的方式，时间段表示方法——时量补语，怎么，频率副词
14. 谈论天气
【61-120小时所要讲的内容】
按内容分：
1. 接人和送人，要准确说出时间日期，并且制定行程安排。
2. 去饭馆吃饭，要讨论去什么饭馆，为什么，点什么菜，为什么。
3. 天气，要比较自己国家和中国的天气，和在特定天气下自己常常干什么。
4. 购物，谈论质量，什么买，降价。
5. 兴趣爱好，喜欢什么，为什么喜欢，玩得怎么样？夸奖别人。
6. 旅游，去哪旅游，制定行程，如何购票。
7. 看病，身体各个部位，描述长相。
8. 心情感受。
9. 办各种卡，用各种卡。（如果需求不强可以不讲）
10. 节日，自己国家的节日，中国的节日。
按语法分：
1. “过”
2. “了”表示变化和完成
3. 程度补语
4. 时量补语，动量补语
5. 就……了
6. 就和才
7. “着”
8. 结构助词“地
9. 形容词重叠”
10. 结果补语
11. 趋向补语
12. 兼语句
13. 可能补语
14. 比较句
15. 把字句+到在给成
16. 存现句
17. “被”字句
再之后就是关联词，常用词，书面语，特殊句式的逻辑关系。
初级汉语怎么教？
教学方法：
重复——问答——替换——表演
把课文变成语轮，用一个语论去讲解语法和句型，用反复重复的机械练习使学生掌握，形成条件反射。
搞定一个语轮，进行下一个，但是表演时要和上个语轮一起联系，最后形成完整的对话，赋予实际意义。 然后进入真实表演阶段，可以变换语言条件，让学生掌握不同情况的不同说法。
教学准备：
图片册——图片会节省很多时间，用在练习和讲解都非常犀利。
例句：每个语法点的讲解上至少要3个例句支撑，5个最好，这里要花很多功夫。 让学生造句的语言材料，这个也要准备，一般来说就是给学生几个关键词，一个情景，让学生用学过的语言点把这句话说出来，这个越讲到后期越难准备，很看老师的功力。
如果班级授课，还要准备课堂活动
閱讀甚麼能增加語文能力？
文言文章及詩詞
古文觀止、古典诗词名篇诗意、鉴赏与朗读、學校的詩詞曲選：有助理解文言，提高學養、表達力。
1.增加阅读量：
如果单纯从增加词汇量来考量，不妨找一些描述性强的散文、游记来阅读。尤其是找一些自己能够有体会的，或者有过相似经验的描述来阅读，一方面认真学习别人的词汇运用，一方面比较别人和自己在描述方面的词汇使用有什么区别。
2.提高阅读质量：
阅读并不是把书看完就拉倒的。可以降低阅读的速度，看完了一本书之后，不妨仔细回味一下书里给自己留下深刻印象的句子、段落等。可以尝试去替换一些其中的表达，看看感觉是不是对，如果有偏差，偏差又在哪里。这并不能迅速提高词汇量，但记住之后会有比较深的体会，不容易忘，从积累角度来说比较有效率。
阅读的时候长个心眼，注意看到的词句，发现这个词认识，但是自己好像不太会应用，那么就记在脑子里，或者写下来。久而久之会锻炼对于词句的敏感，看到好句子好词语就记下来，到了一定量后再看看自己写出来的东西，会感觉非常的不一样。
1.词不达意
可以试着在博客上阐述一个你最近明白问题的答案。做到有理、有力、有节，阐述明白，这不仅需要文字的功力，也需要逻辑思维。
2.词穷
文艺作品看过，不去实践自己去写，跟爱看菜谱却不会做饭一个道理。可以试着把自己脑子里的东西，写下来。然后最近看的一些书上的文字、思维，会慢慢地呈现在脑子里，再加上你的反复实践，文字功底便会上升。
最佳的方法就是看书。这样不仅印象深刻，也能培养语感。 最好是现当代的文学作品。文史哲不分家，除了看文学，历史和哲学也少不了，还有古文和诗词。
多跟一些语言表达能力强的人交谈！
III. Français
Learn with music and films
French music to inspire your learning
Edith Piaf - master your conditionals and negative sentence structure with the soulful songs by the world famous French singer.
Céline Dion - improve your French with songs by the French Canadian Titanic superstar who sang “My heart will go on”.
Stromae - get into French rap with the "maestro" and learn some common French slang along the way
Famous French movies to experience the culture
Les intouchables - laugh and cry with this moving story about the unlikely friendship between a young working class man and a quadriplegic aristocrat.
Du vent dans mes mollets - your window into the life of a typical French family.
Jean de Florette - learn about regional varieties of French and encounter different vocabulary and accents.
9 Tips on Reading in French for French Learners
Here are a few tips to help you become a lecteur or lecteuse confirmé(e) in no time:
Make sure you choose material suitable for your level. If you start out too ambitious, you may end up frustrated and be tempted to quit. Don’t be afraid to try children’s books. The Petit Nicolas books by Sempé engage the kind of humour that appeals both to children and adults and is charmingly illustrated with Sempé’s famous signature cartoons.
Speaking of cartoons, there are also lots of comics for grownups available. The French are huge Manga fans, and there are literally thousands of French language comic strip books available for adults via the Internet or in bookshops. There are also several classic works of fiction written in clear, straightforward language such as “L’Etranger” by Albert Camus
The poems of Jacques Prévert, studied by French school children from a young age, are another excellent choice for exploring the beauty of the French language at its simplest, most playful best. For more advanced learners, the poems, plays and novels of Victor Hugo provide an overview of French history in classic, elegant language that makes him one of France’s most beloved authors.
Build your vocabulary. You don’t have to understand every single word when you read in a foreign language. Sometimes, the context of the sentence can help you to decipher the meaning of a particular word. However, reading presents an opportunity to identify, learn and retain new vocabulary and it is important to understand those words that are key to the overall content.
Another great resource for immersing yourself in French is FluentU. FluentU lets you learn French through real-world videos like commercials, music videos, news, and inspiring talks. FluentU has interactive captions that simplify the process of looking up definitions. And it’s easy to create your own vocabulary lists, and learn through quizzes which take advantage of video clips.
Choose books especially designed for French learners. There is a wealth of books available from publishers on both sides of the Atlantic that are specifically created for language learners. They provide extensive glossaries, pre-reading exercises, and comprehension checklists. Some books have the text in French on one page and in English on the other, so you can compare words and sentences, or glance over at the English language when you get stuck.
Read about subjects that interest you. Many people who choose to learn French are interested in French culture in general. It is therefore no coincidence that a huge selection of books in simplified French language is available for learners to explore French history, literature, art or philosophy. However, reading in French does not necessarily mean that you have to read about France!
If the reign of Louis XIV doesn’t float your boat, be honest with yourself and admit it. Reading something in a foreign language that doesn’t truly grip your interest is going to be hard going. Choose a text about something close to your heart. Are you are a gardening aficionado? Pick up an illustrated book on gardening. Fancy yourself a talented chef? Choose a nice cook book and start with an easy recipe.
Get recordings of texts and follow along. Find recorded versions (available for the French classics and popular texts) of your book and listen as you follow the words in the book. Listen to the CD as you drive to work, then read the same passage later.
Read out loud. Combine honing your reading skills with improving pronunciation by reading out loud. Find someone who can listen to you and give helpful feedback. You could even record yourself and play it back while reading along.
Read every day. As with acquiring any new skill or talent, learning French takes discipline. And practice. Set aside fifteen minutes every day – in the morning when you first wake up, in bed before you go to sleep at night, or, yes, during your daily commute (unless you are driving!) to read in French. Just make sure that you keep going – a little each day, and before long you’ll be a true mordure de lecture (bookworm).
Read the French news. Go online and read the news in French. There are many news websites available. The advantage of reading online is that you can copy and paste words you are struggling with into an online French-English dictionary. Choose a news story you are already familiar with. Scan the text quickly before reading and look up any words you do not know. Then go back and read the entire article.
Read books you already know. Choose a favorite story that you know inside and out and read it in French. Already knowing the storyline will allow you to sit back and enjoy the French language used.
These suggestions should allow you to jumpstart your French language reading. Bonne lecture!
1. Best Children’s Book: “Le Petit Nicolas” by René Goscinny
Start off slow with a children’s book. Many suggest “Le Petit Prince“, and not without good reason. But while “Le Petit Prince” is unquestionably a classic of French literature, despite its childish presentation, you may be surprised to learn that it was never intended to be a children’s book. While the realism of the book is based in imagination, many of the expressions and ideas expressed in the book can be difficult and for a first-time reader to understand.
Instead, start things off with “Le Petit Nicolas“, written by René Goscinny and illustrated by Jean-Jacques Sempé. Published in 1959, it’s an idealized and nostalgic memory of what it was like to be a kid growing up in France in the 1950s.
What does that mean for readers? Well, a lot of things are still relatable, even to today’s children and adults. Games may be slightly different, slang is a bit outdated and the uniforms and separation of boys and girls in the 1950s French school system may be a bit old-fashioned. However, the ever-present cancre, who can’t get the answer to any question right, and the chouchouor teacher’s pet are as present in these classrooms as they are in those of classic American childhood stories. The host of other characters form little Nicolas’ circle of friends, and lend supporting roles to his adventures. Because the story lines are constructed for children, they’re easy to follow. This means that you’ll be able to deduce the meanings of half of the unfamiliar vocabulary words without even checking the dictionary.
If you liked “Le Petit Nicolas,” try:
The Sequels! There are five original books, each containing between ten and twenty stories. And the even more recent movie is surprisingly quite true to the books and fun to watch.
2. Best Modern Classic: “L’Étranger” by Albert Camus
This may seem a bit cliché, but don’t go skipping ahead just yet. There’s a good reason I’ve selected “L’Étranger”, also known as “The Stranger”, and it’s not just because it’s popular amongst intellectuals and hipsters alike.
Camus, a French pied-noir born in Algeria during the French colonization period, wrote this novel using the voice of Meursault, a fictional character who shares the author’s lineage and recounts with astounding apathy his mother’s funeral and his own subsequent serious run-in with the law.
Camus summarized the story’s impetus best in 1955 when he said, “In our society any man who does not weep at his mother’s funeral runs the risk of being sentenced to death.” Meursault is a man who refuses to play the game that society requires him to play, and as a result he is a strange, unfamiliar narrator presenting a view of the world that is at once one-dimensional and trustworthy, simple and complex.
While Meursault’s thought processes and motivations may be difficult to understand, his words are not. Any student of literature will have an enjoyable time reading the book, as the difficulty here is not in language but what lies beneath the words themselves.
If you liked “L’Étranger,” try:
“La Chute”, also by Albert Camus. A story of yet another expatriated Frenchman, this time in Amsterdam. The entire book is written in one-sided dialogue, with the reader standing in for the mostly silent interlocutor. The style can be more difficult to get used to than that of “L’Étranger”, but it is nonetheless an excellent and not-too-challenging read, from a linguistic standpoint.
3. Best Poetry: “Calligrammes” by Apollinaire
It’s hard to single out just one period of French poetry on which to focus, not to mention just one poet. But for foreign learners of French, Apollinaire’s poems offer something that most other poems don’t: hints of meaning in their very structure. His book is notable for its use of typeface and space on the page; the poem is often built – quite literally –in a form that evokes its meaning.
Some examples from the book include “Cheval,” “La Colombe poignardée et le jet d’eau” and “La Mandoline, l’oeillet et le bambou,” all of which are written in such a way that the poem itself takes the shape of its subject.
The poems are some of the earliest French surrealist works – in fact, Apollinaire is credited with coining the term – so within this relatively easy-to-understand construct are poems of some degree of complexity, but they are well worth the effort it takes to comprehend them.
If you liked “Caligrammes,” try:
“Les Fleurs du Mal” by Charles Baudelaire. The predecessor of Apollinaire deconstructed the poetic genre in his own way, by writing poems in prose. Apollinaire is credited with taking inspiration from Baudelaire’s way of exploring modernity.
4. Best Classic Novel: “Le Père Goriot” by Honoré de Balzac
French literature can be divided vaguely into periods based on century. The 16th century was that of the poem and the sonnet; the 17th was that of the play; the 18th, of the philosophical essay; and the 19th, of the novel. Perhaps no one so well incarnated this genre of writing than Honoré de Balzac, who sought to write all of humanity: the Human Comedy, as he called it. This undertaking resulted in no fewer than 93 novels, plays and short stories, compiled and known as “La Comédie humaine”. It featured a cast of recurring characters; main characters of one novel would pass through the background of the other. In this way, Balzac created his own world, his own human comedy.
Many of the novels that are a part of Balzac’s oeuvre are well known, but “Le Père Goriot” is one of the most famous. Balzac’s style was criticized in his time for being too simple, but that’s exactly what makes it so appropriate for French learners. Balzac is excellent at telling a story for what it is. There are few twists and turns, and most of the surprises are kept from other characters, not the reader.
Balzac’s attention to detail and keen desire to allow the story to unfold step by step means that the novel, which describes the lives of three men living in a boarding house in 19th century Paris, is easy to understand, regardless of the use of certain words like redingote and vermicellier, whose usefulness in day-to-day 21st century conversation is debatable.
If you liked “Le Père Goriot,” try:
“Ferragus“, also by Honoré de Balzac. This story explores secret lives and secret identities, with appearances from some of the characters you’ll already have met in “Le Père Goriot”.
5. Best Short Stories: “Contes de la Bécasse” by Guy de Maupassant
Maupassant became famous near the end of the 19th century as a realist novelist with a style bordering on the naturalism that Zola was becoming known for at the same time. His “Contes de la Bécasse”, or “Tales of the Woodcock”, is a collection of several stories. The first is a preamble that explains the premise: the baron of Ravots has organized a dinner during which the guest given the privilege to eat all of the woodcock heads is asked to tell a story to the rest of the group; the stories that follow are meant to be these.
The realism and shorter length of the stories make for an easy read, and if nothing else, your hunting vocabulary will improve by leaps and bounds.
If you liked “Contes de la Bécasse,” try:
“Pierre et Jean”, a novel by Maupassant that tells the story of two brothers. The psycho-realist work is Maupassant’s shortest novel, so you will still observe some of the urgency evoked in his short stories, particularly given the subject matter of this intriguing work.
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